Q15796, P84022

Smad2 and Smad3 also known as MAD2 and MAD3 respectively, are essential components of the Transforming Growth Factor-beta (TGFβ) signaling pathway. These proteins interact directly with Smad4 (DPC4), forming complexes that translocate to the nucleus to regulate gene transcription involved in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis. Additionally, Smad2/3 interact with various transcription factors and co-regulators, such as FOXH1 and p300, to modulate the expression of target genes. The interaction between Smad2/3 and TGFβ receptors is crucial for the phosphorylation and activation of these Smad proteins, facilitating their role in cellular homeostasis and development.