Insulin also known as INS is a peptide hormone that plays a crucial role in regulating metabolic processes by facilitating glucose uptake into cells, promoting glycogen synthesis, and thereby lowering blood glucose levels. Insulin is initially synthesized as preproinsulin, which is subsequently processed to proinsulin and finally to the active mature insulin hormone composed of 51 amino acids arranged in an A chain and a B chain connected by two disulfide bridges. Beyond its primary role in glucose metabolism, insulin increases cell permeability to monosaccharides, amino acids, and fatty acids, making insulin essential for overall cellular function and energy storage.